Comparison of the photoluminescence properties of semiconductor quantum dots and non-blinking diamond nanoparticles. Observation of the diffusion of diamond nanoparticles in living cells

Long-term observations of photoluminescence at the single-molecule level were until recently very diffcult, due to the photobleaching of organic ?uorophore molecules. Although inorganic semiconductor nanocrystals can overcome this diffculty showing very low photobleaching yield, they suffer from photoblinking. A new marker has been recently introduced, relying on diamond nanoparticles containing photoluminescent color centers. In this work we compare the photoluminescence of single quantum dots (QDs) to the one of nanodiamonds containing a single-color center. Contrary to other markers, photoluminescent nanodiamonds present a perfect photostability and no photoblinking. At saturation of their excitation, nanodiamonds photoluminescence intensity is only three times smaller than the one of QDs. Moreover, the bright and stable photoluminescence of nanodiamonds allows wide field observations of single nanoparticles motion. We demonstrate the possibility of recording the tra jectory of such single particle in culture cells

Etude structurale de monocouches lipidiques par simulations de dynamique moléculaire

Les membranes biologiques jouent un rôle essentiel dans la vie cellulaire. Afin d étudier leur comportement et leurs interactions avec des molécules, des modèles de monocouches lipidiques ont été développés. Leur compression sur balance de Langmuir permet d obtenir une isotherme pression de surface-aire moléculaire permettant de caractériser notamment les transitions de phase et le comportement interfacial des monocouches. Seules les études de simulations de dynamique moléculaire permettent d obtenir les propriétés structurales des lipides organisés en monocouche à l échelle atomique. Nous avons modélisé une monocouche de 1-palmitoyl-2-oléoyl-sn-glycéro-3-phosphocholine (POPC), phospholipides majoritaires des membranes, puis réalisé une série de dynamiques moléculaires à différentes tensions de surface en utilisant GROMACS et le champ de force tout atome GAFF. Une isotherme de compression de POPC a été obtenue pour la première fois par simulation de dynamique moléculaire. L analyse structurale des POPC a mis en évidence des variations conformationelles avec l augmentation de la pression ainsi qu'une distribution bimodale de l orientation des têtes polaires. L analyse des angles dièdres a permis d identifier les torsions responsables de cette flexibilité. Un comportement indépendant des chaînes hydrophobes a été observé et corrélé à un assemblage préférentiel des chaînes oléoyle d une part et palmitoyle d autre part. La connaissance des propriétés structurales et organisationnelles des monocouches de POPC est essentielle à la caractérisation des interactions mises en jeu dans la cohésion des films lipidiques et fournit une base à l étude de leur perturbation par des molécules.Biomembranes play an essential role in many relevant processes in cellular biology. In order to gain insight into their behaviour and interactions with molecules, models such as lipid monolayers have been developed. Monolayer compression on Langmuir trough provides surface pressure molecular area isotherms, and allows characterisation of phase and interfacial properties of the monolayer. Such a characterisation can be completed by atomistic study of the monolayer phospholipids and molecular interactions from molecular dynamic simulations. Our work is focused on 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC), a lipid comprising a saturated and an unsaturated acyl chain, major lipids in eukaryotic cell membranes. We performed MD simulations at 293 K and 300 K at different surface pressures using the all-atom general amber force field (GAFF). Simulated surface pressure-area isotherms were obtained for the first time, and a good agreement was found with experimental isotherms. Based on the structural analyses, two orientations of the head groups clearly appear. We propose that the conformational variations around the bonds connecting the phosphorus atom to the adjacent oxygen are involved in these specific orientations. Both acyl chains have distinct structural properties upon compression and suggest an independent behavior of the saturated and unsaturated chains that could be correlated with the formation of chain-type clusters observed along the simulated trajectories. Molecular insight in structural properties of POPC monolayer provides essential clues for the study of membrane-molecule interaction.EVRY-Bib. électronique (912289901) / SudocSudocFranceF

Structural Basis for the Association of MAP6 Protein with Microtubules and Its Regulation by Calmodulin: Microtubule and calmodulin binding on Mn modules of MAP6

International audienceMicrotubules are highly dynamic αβ-tubulin polymers. In vitro and in living cells, microtubules are most often cold- and nocodazole-sensitive. When present, the MAP6/STOP family of proteins protects microtubules from cold- and nocodazole-induced depolymerization but the molecular and structure determinants by which these proteins stabilize microtubules remain under debate. We show here that a short protein fragment from MAP6-N, which encompasses its Mn1 and Mn2 modules (MAP6(90-177)), recapitulates the function of the full-length MAP6-N protein toward microtubules, i.e. its ability to stabilize microtubules in vitro and in cultured cells in ice-cold conditions or in the presence of nocodazole. We further show for the first time, using biochemical assays and NMR spectroscopy, that these effects result from the binding of MAP6(90-177) to microtubules with a 1:1 MAP6(90-177):tubulin heterodimer stoichiometry. NMR data demonstrate that the binding of MAP6(90-177) to microtubules involve its two Mn modules but that a single one is also able to interact with microtubules in a closely similar manner. This suggests that the Mn modules represent each a full microtubule binding domain and that MAP6 proteins may stabilize microtubules by bridging tubulin heterodimers from adjacent protofilaments or within a protofilament. Finally, we demonstrate that Ca(2+)-calmodulin competes with microtubules for MAP6(90-177) binding and that the binding mode of MAP6(90-177) to microtubules and Ca(2+)-calmodulin involves a common stretch of amino acid residues on the MAP6(90-177) side. This result accounts for the regulation of microtubule stability in cold condition by Ca(2+)-calmodulin

Fluorescence and spin properties of defects in single digit nanodiamonds

International audienceThis article reports stable photoluminescence and high-contrast optically detected electron spin resonance (ODESR) from single nitrogen-vacancy (NV) defect centers created within ultrasmall, disperse nanodiamonds of radius less than 4 nm. Unexpectedly, the efficiency for the production of NV fluorescent defects by electron irradiation is found to be independent of the size of the nanocrystals. Fluorescence lifetime imaging shows lifetimes with a mean value of around 17 ns, only slightly longer than the bulk value of the defects. After proper surface cleaning, the dephasing times of the electron spin resonance in the nanocrystals approach values of some microseconds, which is typical for the type Ib diamond from which the nanoparticle is made. We conclude that despite the tiny size of these nanodiamonds the photoactive nitrogen-vacancy color centers retain their bulk properties to the benefit of numerous exciting potential applications in photonics, biomedical labeling, and imaging

YB-1 promotes microtubule assembly in vitro through interaction with tubulin and microtubules

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>YB-1 is a major regulator of gene expression in eukaryotic cells. In addition to its role in transcription, YB-1 plays a key role in translation and stabilization of mRNAs.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We show here that YB-1 interacts with tubulin and microtubules and stimulates microtubule assembly <it>in vitro</it>. High resolution imaging via electron and atomic force microscopy revealed that microtubules assembled in the presence of YB-1 exhibited a normal single wall ultrastructure and indicated that YB-1 most probably coats the outer microtubule wall. Furthermore, we found that YB-1 also promotes the assembly of MAPs-tubulin and subtilisin-treated tubulin. Finally, we demonstrated that tubulin interferes with RNA:YB-1 complexes.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>These results suggest that YB-1 may regulate microtubule assembly <it>in vivo </it>and that its interaction with tubulin may contribute to the control of mRNA translation.</p

Polyamine Sharing between Tubulin Dimers Favours Microtubule Nucleation and Elongation via Facilitated Diffusion

We suggest for the first time that the action of multivalent cations on microtubule dynamics can result from facilitated diffusion of GTP-tubulin to the microtubule ends. Facilitated diffusion can promote microtubule assembly, because, upon encountering a growing nucleus or the microtubule wall, random GTP-tubulin sliding on their surfaces will increase the probability of association to the target sites (nucleation sites or MT ends). This is an original explanation for understanding the apparent discrepancy between the high rate of microtubule elongation and the low rate of tubulin association at the microtubule ends in the viscous cytoplasm. The mechanism of facilitated diffusion requires an attraction force between two tubulins, which can result from the sharing of multivalent counterions. Natural polyamines (putrescine, spermidine, and spermine) are present in all living cells and are potent agents to trigger tubulin self-attraction. By using an analytical model, we analyze the implication of facilitated diffusion mediated by polyamines on nucleation and elongation of microtubules. In vitro experiments using pure tubulin indicate that the promotion of microtubule assembly by polyamines is typical of facilitated diffusion. The results presented here show that polyamines can be of particular importance for the regulation of the microtubule network in vivo and provide the basis for further investigations into the effects of facilitated diffusion on cytoskeleton dynamics

Transport des Lipoproteines de Basse densite dans la paroi arterielle. Role fonctionnel des recepteurs LDL, effets de l'hyperpression arterielle

SIGLEINIST T 77408 / INIST-CNRS - Institut de l'Information Scientifique et TechniqueFRFranc

Mécanismes moléculaires de l'interaction entre la tubuline et les protéines de la famille de la stathmine

La stathmine est une petite phosphoprotéine ubiquiste trés conservée chez les vertébrés. Son expression est régulée au cours de la prolifération et de la différenciation cellulaire, ainsi qu' au cours de certains cancers. La stathminer est aussi l'élément générique d'une famille de protéines qui possèdent toutes un domaine de grande similitude de séquence avec la stathmine (SLD). Les divers SLD séquestrent la tubuline dans un complexe non polymérisable constitué de deux hétérodimères de tubuline par molécule de SLD (T2-SLD) mais avec des stabilités variables. Ce travail de thèse s'inscrit dans le cadre général de la description de ces interactions et de la recherche des raisons de leur diversité. J'ai ainsi tenté de modéliser ces interactions et j'ai étudié le rôle de trois sous-domaines de SLD. Ces travaux ont ..PARIS5-BU-Necker : Fermée (751152101) / SudocPARIS-BIUP (751062107) / SudocSudocFranceF

Interaction de YB-1 avec la tubuline et l'ARN messager

YB-1 est un régulateur important de l expression des gènes dans les cellules eucaryotes. En plus de son rôle dans la transcription, YB-1 joue un rôle clé dans la traduction et la stabilisation des ARN messagers. Nous avons identifié plusieurs nouveaux partenaires de la protéine YB-1 par chromatographie d affinité à partir de différents extraits tissulaires. Parmi ces partenaires, nous avons démontré que YB-1 interagit avec la tubuline et les microtubules et stimule fortement l'assemblage des microtubules in vitro. Les microtubules assemblés en présence de YB-1 ont une ultrastructure normale, et les données montrent que YB-1 recouvre probablement la surface extérieure des microtubules. De la même façon YB-1 stimule aussi l'assemblage de la tubuline-MAP qui est plus proche des complexes protéiques qui existent dans la cellule, et de la tubuline clivée par subtilisine ce qui suggère que son interaction avec la tubuline ne relève pas seulement d effets électrostatiques. Nous avons enfin découvert que la tubuline interfère avec la formation des complexes ARNm:YB-1. Ces résultats suggèrent que YB-1 peut réguler l'assemblage des microtubules in vivo et que son interaction avec la tubuline peut contribuer à la régulation de la traduction des ARN messagers. En effet, in vivo, la traduction des mRNPs dépend de l état de saturation de l ARN messager par YB-1. Nous avons montré ici que lorsque le rapport YB-1:ARNm est faible, les complexes mRNPs possèdent des structures non-compactes, alors que les mRNPs saturés sont compacts. Ce changement structural est observé de façon parallèle à l'inhibition de la traduction des ARN messagers lorsqu ils passent des polysomes (traduits) aux mRNPs libres (non traduits). De façon intéressante, nous avons découvert que les mRNPs saturés se lient aux microtubules via des interactions protéine:protéine et ont tendance à former des agrégats sur la surface des microtubules. Cette dernière propriété pourrait contribuer à la formation de granules de stress et à la localisation des mRNPs dans le cytoplasme. Finalement, un modèle de diffusion facilité a été développé pour expliquer l'assemblage des microtubules orchestré par les polyamines naturelles (telles que YB-1 qui sont positivement chargées dans la cellules). L ensemble de ces données contribuent à une meilleure compréhension de processus biologiques fondamentaux concernant l assemblage de la tubuline en microtubules et le trafic des ARN dans la cellule. Ils pourraient avoir un intérêt pour développer de nouveaux médicaments qui ciblent les microtubules.YB-1 is a major regulator of gene expression in eukaryotic cells. In addition to its role in transcription, YB-1 plays a key role in translation and stabilization of mRNAs. We identify several novels YB-1 protein partners by affinity chromatography of different tissue extracts. We observed that YB-1 interacts with tubulin and microtubules and stimulates microtubule assembly in vitro. Microtubules assembled in the presence of YB-1 exhibited a normal single wall ultrastructure where YB-1 probably coats the outer microtubule wall. Furthermore, we found that YB-1 also promotes the assembly of MAPs-tubulin and subtilisin-treated tubulin. Additionally, we demonstrated that tubulin interferes with mRNA:YB-1 complexes. These results suggest that YB-1 may regulate microtubule assembly in vivo and that its interaction with tubulin may contribute to the control of mRNA translation. The translational status of mRNPs in vivo depends on amount of YB-1 associated with mRNA. We show here that at low YB-1:mRNA ratios mRNP complexes possess an incompact structures, whereas saturated mRNPs are compact. This structural change corresponds to translation inhibition when mRNA moves from polysomal (translatable) to free (untranslatable) mRNPs. Saturated mRNPs bind to microtubules via protein:protein interactions and tend to self-aggregate on microtubule surface. This property could contribute to stress granule formation, mRNPs traffic and localization of translation apparatus within cytoplasm. Finally, the facilitated diffusion model was developed to explain enhancement of microtubule assembly by positively charged natural polyamines in living cells. Altogether our data contribute to the understanding of fundamental biological processes.EVRY-Bib. électronique (912289901) / SudocSudocFranceF

High-Resolution Imaging of Microtubules and Cytoskeleton Structures by Atomic Force Microscopy

International audienceAtomic force microscopy (AFM), which combines a nanometer-scale resolution and a unique capacity to image biomolecular interactions in liquid environment, is a promising tool for the investigation of biological samples. In contrast with nucleic acids and nucleoprotein complexes, for which AFM is now of common use and participates in the recent advances in the knowledge of DNA-related biomolecular processes, AFM investigations of cytoskeleton structures and especially microtubules remain rare. The most critical step to observe biomolecules using AFM is the spreading of the biological material on a flat surface. This issue is now better documented concerning DNA but a lot remains to be done concerning microtubules. This is a prerequisite to further document this issue for a proper and large use of AFM to study cytoskeleton structures. We present here an overview of the various procedures previously used to spread microtubules on a flat surface and advance an easy-to-use and efficient experimental protocol for microtubule imaging by AFM in air. We show application of this protocol to observe intermediate structures of microtubule assembly without using any stabilizing agent and the observation of more complex systems like proteins or messenger ribonucleoprotein particles in interaction with microtubules